TEDIM KHUAPI KIHALTUM HILEH.......

 ZOMI TIMES 25.9 2021 Sat.

Tedim Khuapi Kihal tum hileh (Thantlang khuapi sangin siazaw khathei)

1. ZRA E kimawhsak nuam ding: bang hangin a khuapi hu zolo: kici ding

2. ZDF/PDF kimawhsak ding: sahang ihmu kimlai va phawng bek hilo, va hang sak hiven: kici ding

3. Sihzang leh Zou te kingawh ding: Tedim mite mudah lua mahmah uh ahihmanin ngia tuu vun silh danin gam leh lei adingin kumpi do in kituat in ahizongin Tedim beitum sak uh hi: a cinuam om ding

4. NLD party kingawh ding: pi Sukyi leh HKL hang hi kici ding

5. NUG mawhsak ding: thau vui thautang supply lopi in D Day mawk tangko zawzen: a ci tam di

6. Democratic ki gensia ding: galkap ukna bei zenzen in ih Zogam in suahtakna taktak ngah hileng,Chin (Hakha, Falam, Zou, Sihzang) tawh galpi kipan ding, galkap kumpi hunlai gal tawmzaw hang ei a cinuam kitam ding, Vangteh, Khuano, Saizang, Teizang, Losau, Paite, Thahdo, Simte, etc kipawlna ong ki-uang semsem ding, Zomi min nangawn ki samsia ziahziah mai ding

Hih atunga teng ih etkik ciangin Zomite adingin 666 maban a nei hi hang

Ahizongin leitung mite lungsim ah lungkiatna a nei sak ngeilo, lametna zing nisuak bang danin a neisak zo gige nam thumte

1. Politician taktakte: gam leh nam hoihna a piang dingin gen thei veve tawntung uh

2. Businessman: sum leina/zuakna khuak hoih a nei taktakte in bang hun bang hun ah hauhna ding lampi mu kiukiau gige

3. Pastors gifted te: sihna guam thuk ah awkcip in, maban bingcip khuamialpi tawh kibang ih nawk phial zongin lungdam takin a nawkzo tawntung dingin tha ong pia thei veve

Tua ahihmanin nisim ih nuntakna ah hih atunga nam thum teng tawh a kopkhawm siamte leh thu a dong siam makaite (MP, thautawi pawl, etc) pen a muanhuai kingakna a neite ahi hi. Mawhsakna pen guallelhna ding hipahlo a, thakhauhna ding zong hikhin pah samlo hi. Kingakna leh a muak ding a nei gige te pen a lungmuang gige te ahi hi.

Copy Paste and Credit to Sya Suan Za Khup FB. 

Photo Sya Suan Za Khup. 

PHEKHUNG DEFENSE FORCE IN HUHNA ZONG. .

 SUNDAY 19.9.2021

Phekhung Defense Force in Galvan leh Nekledawn Lei nading in Sponsors Zong.

 19.9.2021 NIPINI.

Karenni gamhuam sunga om, PDF in galvan leh Neekledawn lei nading in Sponsor ahuh, apanpih ding mi zong uh hi. Hih mite pen Karenni galkap (KNDF) nuaia om, tatzian khat ahi, phekhung Defense Force te hi-in, amau kianga alut mi khemepuh galvan leh annek, tuidawn a kicingin pia nuam uh ahih manin huhna Sponsor kisam hi ci-in pulak uh hi.

Nauhpai galkapte ading galvan kilei zolo, galvan tam manlua ahih manin, bawltawmte tawh do zel uh hi. Galkap misokte do nuamin khangnote tampi ong lut uh ahih manin, akisam tam mahmah hi. Kisinna leh annek tuidawn cih a kipan sum tampi kisam hi ci hi. 

Gamsungah kiom ahih manin, na khempeuhah haksa hi. Uniform bang tam man mahmah in, ahizongin thau oen mikim ka tawisak nuam uh hi. Bawltawm thaute ahizongin ci-in pulak uh hi. Huhna kangah vua leh ka nasep uh ka zom ding uha, huhna kangah kei vua leh tawlkhat sung kakhawl phot dinguh hi ci-in genbeh hi.

NUG lampan zong huhna tampi ka lam en kei uh hi ci-in Phekhung Defense Force, Karenni khutnuaia om ten pulak uh hi.

Source: Mizzima News in Burmese.

Phekhung DF 

NUPI KHAT LAMPI AH AWNGAWNG.

NUPI KHAT LAMPI AH AWNGAWNG!

18.9.2021 kiginni.

Tuni sun 12:00pm in ka omna inn lampi ah Nupi khat awngawng in bang hipeuh mah hiam ci a Padenpauh pan ka et leh Annek ding neilo-in, antang ong hawm vevua ci-in lampi ah na awngawng hi. Eh hite pen pia ding, bang nei ihiam ci-in ka en a, mite ong piaksa antang ka nei uh hi. Kei zong padenpauh pan kakhut betin nangakin ci-in ka hopih hi. Nupinu'n zong ong ngak pah ngiungeu hi. Kei zong mite'n Pasian a itna uh tawh ong piaksa antang hai 10, ngasabung bung1, aaluu tawmkhat, phulunsan tawmkhat leh ka lawmnu'n puan zong pia ni ci-in apuante ong la samsamin puan pawlkhat zong ka pia uh hi.

Bang phawk kahiam cih leh piakkhiatna ah thupha om hi.Piakkhiatna in ih ngahsa thuphate kipsak semsem hi. Supna om ngeilo hi cih kei mahmah in ka sinkha (experience) hi. 

Note'n Pasian na itna uh tawh nong piakkhiatte mah uh mite tungah a hawm sawn zel hihang ei. Mi cimawh, migen theite tunga ih hih zawh zahzah tawh panpihna ih piak bel Pasian lah alungkim, ei zong lah ih lungkim mahmah mawk hi. Amen.

Note: Piakkhiatna ah thupha om hi. Topa Pasianin hong dim kik ding hi.Amen.

Crd: Khualpu fb,  Copy paste 

 NUPINU TANU. 

UN VAI LEH THUTHANG TUAMTUAMTE.

 ZOMI TIMES 13.9.2021 Monday 

========================

1. NUG in gamdang huhna ih ngah zawh kei leh ei mah mahin ih hanciam, ihdo kul ding hi ci-in Tawmvei kumpi asem pa-in gen hi ci-in Myanmar Celebrity Tv Club in gen hi. 

2. Galkap Misokte'n Inn cing kumpi panin Pyithungsuh asuzah in Kaohsiung leuleu uh hi. Tuni lai suah uh hi. Themthum kei in ah, Mailamah ong laih toto lai uhteh. 

3. Zingciang 14.9.2021 ni-in a 76 veina UN united Nations  General Assembly om dinga tua laiah kawlgam vai zong gen khawm ding uh hi. Tulaitaka kawlgamin UN palai a akoih U Kyaw Moe  Tun pen kipsakna nei laiding maw ahih kei leh galkap misok lamte koih ding cih mipite ki lunghimawh mahmah hi. 

Kawlgam vai tawh kisai thu nam 3 om hi. 

A.  U Kyaw Moe  Tun pen UN Palai in kipsak suak ding maw. 

B. Palai limlim koih nawnlo photin, khaktan phot ding maw 

C. Galkap Misokte mi kipsak ding maw cih Hih nam3 te om ahih  manin, bang danin ong kalsuan ding uh hiam cih lunghimawh huai mahmah hi.  Aung Myo Min 

4. Zomi te ngeina tampi takte lakah athupi mahmah khat ahi KHUADO PAWI ong tung dekdek ta ahih manin lungleng mahmah hi ci-in Zomite'n pulak uh hi. 

5. US sum khek nisimin khang in, Tuni-in dollars pekkhatteh Kawlgam sum 1900 tungto zen hi. 

6. UN ah kua UN Palai in koih zaw ding cih galkap misok lamte leh NUG lamte kinak dem mahmah ahih manin UN kua Palai in koih zaw ding cih khentat haksa sa mahmah hi ci-in Myanmar Celebrity Tv Club in gen hi. 

7. Abeisa sungin Gawngaw kale kikal ah kikapna nasia lua ahih manin, khualzin motor te lamkalah kikhak cip phot himah leh tuni nitakalam in paisak kik uh hi ci-in Chin world in gen hi. 

8. India gam, Assam State ah Kawlgam mi 26 kiman hi. Tua mi kimante pen Falam gam panin Aizawl lamah paito in, Aizawl panin ID tuh leh Documents tuh bawlin tua bangin Delhi lam zuanding in Apaikhia uh hi-in, Guahati atun uhteh Hotel ah giakin tulai panin Assam Palikaten man uh hi ci-in kigen hi. 

9. Kha 3 val akikhak cip passport Laibu bawlna Zum tuni in Kihong kik hi ci-in BBC in gen hi. 

10. Kawlgamah zum khakna hangin Daw Suh leh UWin Myint te thu kisitna om thei nailo pen Tuni-in kisit ding hi mahleh Daw Suh a cidamna a hoih loh manin zingciang 14.9.2021 ni-in kisit ding hi ci-in BBC in gen hi. 

11. Magway gamhuam Gangaw myonee sunga Minkhua Palik sakhan pen Zaw PDF leh Mindat CDF kipawlin kap uha tua laiah Palik 5 si-in, galhuh dinga pai Galkap misokte 30 zong si hi ci-in Zaw PDF in pulak hi. 

12. Bago gamhuam sungah Motor Picle kineihin,Motor Pycle puansilh in damiah sem mi 6 omin tua te in tuni in, Eyawaddy Bank panin Sum pua motor lamkalah khakcip in  sum tein 40, 000 gukhia uh hi ci-in Mizzima in gen hi. Tawm kei ei mate, tengtul sawmli. 

13. Sagaing gamhuam Zianmapen Khazai Kani myonee Chin duan gun kimah Palik sakhan Kibuluh in galkap lamte'n Helicopter tawh kap uh hi ci-in Voice of Myanmar in gen hi. Aliam abai langnih tuak in om hi ci-in gen beh hi. 

14. Myinchian myo sunga Cycle 6 tawh  kinleh avak kawikawi galkap misokte Bomb sukha uh ahih manin 6 si hi ci-in Bago Watch in gen hi. Zogam, Paletwah sunga Pasian te galkap Misokte'n sum tein 538,0000 apiak pen, Covid kidalna nading in tua Pasian nasem ten piakhia kik uh hi ci-in Chin world in gen hi. 

15. Yangon khuapi, North Dagon myonee amat 49 Veng sunga Hausa pa thau tawh tuni in kaplup ngah hi ci-in Voice of Myanmar in gen hi. 

16. Yangon khuapi, Hmawbi lamah Galkapte Helicopter 🚁 leng daldal hi ci-in gen Mizzima in gen hi. Tuni in Vanleng mun tuamtuam ah leng kawikawi hi ci-in Zomite'n gen seuhseuh uh hi.. 

17. Zomi leh Zomi mah kipholak sese cih tuni in thu suahna omin tua pen a ngaihsut huai mahmah thu ahi hi. Zogamah thu khat lakhat aom teh pilvang in kampau, gamta in ih om ding pen thupi mahmah hi ci-in akigen nuam ih hi hi. Zomite thei lel leng ahoih pen kawllai khawng tawh gelhin eileei kizuakzuak cih pen ihmuhna atoi mahmah veve hi ci-in ka mu hi. Minam dangte sukkul loin eileei kisusu cih pen khangto hakmah ni. 

Note : Zomi sungah kipumkhatna aom kei leh Mipite thapiakna tawm mahmah ding hi cih phawkin, Mipi adingin na hoih bangzah takin nasem zongin ,thautawite nong kiholem kei vua leh mipite thapiakna 50% khawngbek nangah lel ding hi. Na gualleh nop kei leh kiholemin kipumkhat ding hanciamin nasem khawmni ci-in Ken Zomite Palai in Kong gen nuam hi. 

NUG-UN PALAI U KYAW MOE TUN. 

AUNG SAN SUH KYI CIDAMNA HOIH LO.

Daw Aung San Suh Kyi Acidamna Hoih Lo.

ZOMI TIMES 13.9.2021 mon. 

========================

Zum kikhakna hangin, khanih val bang Zum ah thusitna aki nei thei, Naingngqndaw Ataipenkhan Pohku, Daw Aung San Suh Kyi, Kumpipa U Win Myint leh Naypyidaw Kawngci Ohkathah Myu Aung te tuni-in Zum ah thu sitna om kik ding himah leh Daw Suh a cidamna hoih lo ahih manin, zingciang 14.9.2021 ni dingin sotto uh hi.

Daw Suh ahih leh Luvai leh Billam themkhat poina om hi ci-in gen uh hi.

Zingciang Court ah kisit ding hi ci-in BBC in gen hi.

TEEK LEH MO KAL KI-ITNA

 Teek leh Mo

Nidang in nungak khat om in, tua nungak in pasal hong nei in a tekte kiang ah hong om hi! A pasal itin a zuat hangin, atek nu tawh ki-it kilem thei mahmah lo hi. A monu in ateknu kampau dan leh omdante luhekziate muthei mahmah loin, tua bang mahmah in ateknu in a monu omziate ama dan tawh kituak sathei mahmah lo hi. Tek leh mo nisim in kitawng den phial mawk ahih manin a pasal zong a lungkham in anletui nezolo in nisim khuasa in om hi. 

A monu in hidan tawh om khopkhop ding ngaihsun zo keng ci-in khensatna khat hong nei a, Bazaar a van zuak a pa lawmpa kiang ah hong pai hi. A pa lawmpa kiang ah a Innkuan sung haksatna leh a teknu gilo asakna, a teknu tung ah a lungkim lohna teng hong genkhia hi. 

Tua khitciangin guza na nei hiam ka teknu in guza ne in sileh tuakhitteh ka Innsung uh nuampa ding hi ci-in hong gen hi. A pa lawmpa in zong tua thu azak ciangin hong ngaihsun teitai in, atawpna ah neimah ing ei hong ci hi. Tua ahihleh kong genbangin na gamtat kul ding hi. Tua hi kei leh mite in hong thei leh nang bek hilo kei zong haksatna tampi thuak ding hong kiman ding hi. Acih ciangin Monu in aw ba cih bangbangin ka gamta ding hi cipah hi. 

Tua ciangin sai neipa a inn nunglam ah hong paikhia pah in lai-ip sung ah zatui koih in hong pusuak hi. Hih zatui pen kei bawl hi in thakhat in hong sipah leh hong kithei ding ahih manin damdam in hong zawngkhal in damdam in hong sipan ding hi. Tua hileh mite in guza na piak hong theilo ding hi aci hi. 

Na hihdan ding pen: na teknu in an a neksim in hih guza tawmta a an lak ah khaksakin la, nidang sangin itbawl in, don in, kamnem in hozaw in tua ahih kei leh mite in hong thei kha ding hi. 

Na teknu sello in kitawng peuhmah kei inla, kamkhum in hopih in, Na teknu hong thugente mangin tua hileh asih ciangin kuamah in nang hong muangmawh, ummawhlo ding hi. 

Tuateng a genkhit ciangin a zatui apia hi. Tua nu zong a zatui la in Lungdam takin inn lam hong ciah vingveng a, a teknu damdam a asihna ding gelnate hong kipan ta hi. Ni dangin an huan nuamphalo khat ni tampi sung amah in an hong huanin, meh hong huan in ateknu an a nek ciangin an hong lui a, an tung ah tua zatui hong khahsak simzel hi. Van zuakpa cih bangin mite in a theihlohna dingin haksa sata mah leh a teknu cih bangbang hong mang hi. A pianna nu bangin, a lawmpa a it bangin hong it in hong bawl hi. Tua bangin hong bawl ciangin a teknu in hong it semsem in nuta lian bangin hong khuasa, nungta uh hi. 

Tuadan in ateknu a bawl kha 6 bang hong cin ciangin a Innsung uh nidang banglo in hong nuam mahmah hi. A monu zong hong kikhel toto a, lungtom leh na asia lam bekbek a ngaihsutnate hong bei deuhdeuh in a lungsim hong ki-ukzo in hong lungduai semsem hi. Tua bangin kha 6 val bang kitawnglo, ki-it in, kithumangin hong om uh ciangin, A monu in a teknu pen mi thunuam leh mi Hehpihna nei ahih lam hong thei khia hi. Tek leh mo a lungsim uh hong kikhel in hong ki-it semsem uh hi. 

Tua a kipan ateknu in a vakvakna ah ka mo mah mohoih pen hi ci in pulakin phatphat hi. Tua bangin teklemo ki-it in hong nuntak uh ciangin nikhat Monu (Vanzuakpa) Apa lawmpa kiang khitui luangkawmin tai vingveng a hong huhin, tuma kha 6 lai a nong guza piak a lehkikna ding zatui na nei hiam, tu-in ka teknu mi hoih mahmah ahihlam telta ing, Ka pianna nu lian bangin ka it hi. Ka piakpiak guza tawh ka sisak nuam kei hi ci-in hong thum kik hi.

Apa lawmpa vanzuakpa in ka tanu aw lunghimawh/lungkham kei-in guza ka hong pia kei hi. Tua ka hong piak zatui pen Thaza leh Ankam limza ahi hi. Tua zatui pen hong nek ciangin, nidang sangin cidam in ankam limzaw ding, cidam zaw ding, thahat zaw ding hi. 

Ataktak in cilehang guza athuak pen ka tanu aw Nang na hi zaw hi. Na lungsim pen gu hizaw hi. Ahih hangin tuateng zong na teknu na itna leh lungsim hoih na puakna tengin a SAWPSIANG khinta ahi hi ci-in vanzuakpa in a gen hi.

Ih nuntakna ah ih it dingte itin ih ngaih dingte ngai peuh leng misia kuamah omlo a ih kiit kingah zawhloh, ih kiniamkhiat zawhloh ciangin Innsung a nuamlo, nupakal, Teklemo kal anuamlo a bang hibek a, lungsim takpi tawh ahoih lamin kibawl tek peuh leng innkuan sung nuam mahmah pah lel ding hi!

Asimkha mimal kim Topa in a zuithei dingin thupha hong pia Hen! Amen!

NUG IN SUM MANNEI THOH DING.

 NUG IN SUM MANNEI THOH DING CI LEULEU E. 

September / 3 / 2021 

Tulai tak Myanmar Gam a, Sum kithoh (kibawl) sum laite Uitalte khutnuai Huazi setzong pan kibawl ahi hi. Uitalte Langpanna-in NUG in Sum mannei thoh(bawl) ding geelna nei uh hi. 

Tulai tak i Sum zatte tungah USDP te Logo Humpi leh Uital Tan Swe zat logo Saikang limte kizangh hi. Sum laidal alianpen tulsawm hi a, a eng (green) mel tawh akibawl ahi hi. 

Vang' anei mahmah Utong Logo leh Mipi Nu lim kihel, asan (red) mel zanghin Sum laidal, NUG leh Gampua ngak Zum ten bawl dingin geelna nei uh hi. 

Akibawl ding Sum laidalte atuh kibawl thei ngiatlo ding, ahoih mahmah Micro Printing, Metallic Ink, Magnetic Ink, Embossing Technology te zanghin kibawl ding ci hi. 

Sum laidal abitna dingin sumkhau asan dikdek hi ding a, Spring Revolution laimal kihel ding hi. Water Mark munah khut mekawk thum leh CDM Ciapteh pahtawina kiguang ding hi. Sum khau tungah Kaba machibu la kiguang ding ci hi. 

Sum bawl Committee ah Dr. Zaw Wai Soe in' Chairman vaipuak sem ding a, Sum bawl theihna dingin Gamdangte zat athak liklek mal 100 leh sumtui then 20, American te zat Computer 100 kingah khin ci hi. 

Sum min ding (နွေဦးငွေ) NweOoNgwe kici ding a, NweOoNgwe pek 100 teh US Dollor pek 1 tawh kikim ding ci hi. 

Khasum leh NweOo Htyi ngah dingte September 30 pan kithoh sak ding ci hi. NUG adinpih Sumbukten zangh thei ding a, China, Russia, India, Pakistan leh Asean gam 10 te kihello-in adang gamte ah Myanmar Gam Dollor dingin kikhek thei ding ci hi. 

#NweOoNews

#နွေဦးသတင်းစဉ် 

Cdit: ZRN

D-DAY TAWH KISAI PUPU THANG GENNA.

 COPY PASTE. 

3.9.2021 Fri. 

August 24 Khit Kawlgam Khuahun

    Aciang aciang pan in D-Day bekbek akigen ngeingai laitak in tua ading akimuang pen ahi Beh galkap te'n August 24 ni in thu tangkona khat hong nei uh hi 

Hamdai Pah Lian

    Behte' tangkona ah buainate avenna ding in thagum hatna tawh kido sang in kikamkupna tawh buaina vensak zawk ding in ngetna ahi hi. Misokte akihel in thautawi teng ki kamkup liailiai ding hi ci'n Col Naw Bu in gen hi. D Day vai kikupna bangmah om nai kei ci'n genlai hi.

    En Zu Zi lampan in zong "Nisim D Day hi" cihbeh sawnsawn lai ahih man in tua a kipan D Day vai hamdai ta hi.

Kinung Theih

    Hih Behte' thu tangko hun laitak in Sen kumpi' palai Sun Guoxiang kawlgam ong pai khinkhian ahih lam ki nungtheih hi.

    Amah pen nipi Kal 1 sung taam dipdep in August 28 Ni aciah ahi hi. Aciah khit ciang in ong pailam alang nih un genkhia pan uh hi 

    Misok bupa tawh kimu ahih lam genkhia uh hi. Misokte' lam pan hong paina ahang pen kawlgam ah kilemna a omna ding leh Covid gal dona ding vaite hi ci'n genkhia uh hi. Daw Su tawh zong kimu peelmawh ding in ki ummawh mah taleh tuavai pulak khialo uh hi.

NLD That Kei Un

    Hih Sen palaipa' hong pai laitak mah in Sen kumpi in misok te'n NLD aphiatmai ding uh pen Sen in phallo cih thu ngaihtak in hong ging hi.

     Misokte'n NLD golum peelmawh ding in leitungbup in a lam-et kawlkal ah hih thu hong ging ahi hi. Hih thu hong gin khit ciang in NLD leh Sen communist party te' kizopna laite zong hong kilangh khia hi.

La Lepkholhna

    Sen palaipa hong paina pen la lepna (song practice) zong ahi hi.

    Leitungbup in a etcik mahmah ASEAN palaipa kawlgam hong paiding hita ahih man in Sen palaipa la lemkhol a hong pai ahi hi 

    April 24 ni a ASEAN thukimna nam 5 te sepkhiatna ding zong ahi hi 

ASEAN Palai' Maban

    

    ASEAN Palai Erywan Yusof hong pai ciang in Daw Su te tawh zong kimuh akul ahi hi. Anasepna khempeuh November kha ASEAN khawmpi ciang in report apiak kul ding hi. Alawhcin kei zenzen leh ASEAN khawmpi khit ciang in kawlgam vai saizia ding lampi dang kizong ding hi 

     Amah bel ASEAN palai ahihma June kha kipat lam in zong Kawlgam hong paingei khin hi 

Lutol Bupa

    September Ni 1 Ni in misok nihna pa Russia pai hi. Tua lai ah kawl lutol minthang mahmah khat ahi Sitagu Sayadaw Dr Ashin Nyanitsara in zong vazui mawk hi. 

    Hih lutolpa pen aminthang mahmah aki zahtak mahmah khat ahih man in lamdang kisa mahmah hi. Lutolte' zehtan hun laitak hi sawnsawn ahih man in kawlte heh phadiak uh hi. Uiko ngeuko in ko ziahziah ta uh hi.

Covid Paulap

.    Covid paulap in misok te'n zumte khak toto uh a tutadih September ni 10 dong khaksak lai uh hi.

     Zumte kikhak ahih man in amimatte uh zong zum kah theilo hi. Adiak in Daw Su zum apai khakloh kha 2 bang phata hi. Zum paikha kei leh a sitnite tawh kimu khalo ahih man in apualam tawh thu kizalo hipah hi. 

     Hih zumte akikhak sung in Daw Su leh misokte' kimuhna thu hong ging zeuhzeuh hi. ASEAN palaipa hong paiteh kihonate alem leh zumte zong kihongta khading hi 

Pu Van Thio leh Pu No Than Kap

    Kumpi nihna Pu Van Thio pen akumpi inn mah ah nuamtak in om hithiat lel hi. 

    Falam kampau sung ah nainganzi vai ah aminthang mahmah Pu No Than Kap zong misokte' meeting sapnate ah vakah zel lel hi 

     Pu Van Thio leh Pu No Than Kap te amipih te'n phunsan hetlo in "Dalan" peuh ci'n koko selo uh hi. "Ong lamkhialhpih kei lua un teh" cilel uh aidiam kitheilo hi.

Sian aw, lum bang Hong sung in

Lungdam

Mung Laan Thang

Tonzang, Zogam

Credit :Pu Pu Thang fb.